Amplifying Voices: How Music Shapes Political Expression and Activism in Nigeria

 

They say, "When words fail, music speaks." I remember a heated argument during my undergraduate days, a group discussion on African nationalism and national identity, about whether art could genuinely effect change. While some of my peers dismissed music as mere entertainment, we argued passionately, pointing to Fela Kuti’s Zombie. At that moment, it dawned on me that music isn't just sound it’s a movement, a weapon of change, especially in a country like Nigeria where words often fall on deaf ears. Globally, music has often catalyzed political change. In the United States, protest songs like Bob Dylan’s Blowin’ in the Wind and Sam Cooke’s A Change is Gonna Come were anthems of the civil rights movement. In South Africa, anti-apartheid songs like Miriam Makeba’s Soweto Blues and Hugh Masekela’s Bring Him Back Home galvanized international support for the dismantling of racial segregation. Similarly, in Latin America, the Nueva Cancion movement used music as a rallying cry against dictatorship and oppression. In Eastern Europe, rock music played a significant role in the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia, with bands like The Plastic People of the Universe defying communist censorship. Likewise, in Mali, musicians such as Tinariwen used their songs to advocate for Tuareg's rights and highlight issues of cultural marginalization. These global examples underscore the transformative power of music, a reality vividly reflected in Nigeria’s socio-political landscape.

In Nigeria, music has long served as a potent tool for communication, cultural expression, and resistance. They are played at political rallies, for instance, during the 2015 general elections, Hausa singer Dauda Kahutu Rarara’s Masu Gudu Su Gudu became a defining anthem of the political campaign that dismantled the dominance of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) in Northern Nigeria. This song, alongside others, oiled the propaganda machine of the opposition, energized grassroots support for Muhammadu Buhari, and added significant momentum to the political movement that facilitated "the Buhari Tsunami." of 2015. Such anthems unified and mobilized the electorate, reinforcing the perception of Buhari (then) as a reformist leader, a born-again democrat, and an anti-corruption czar (whether this perception of him still holds is left to the people to judge). These examples highlight how music transcends entertainment to become a platform for political expression and activism, as it has consistently done in Nigeria. In this post, I explore how music influences political discourse, galvanizes movements, and fosters collective identity in Nigeria’s complex socio-political environment.

The Historical Context of Music and Political Expression in Nigeria 

Nigeria’s history is replete with instances where music has critically addressed social and political issues. During the colonial era, protest songs became a medium for resisting oppression and fostering solidarity among the oppressed. For instance, Herbert Macaulay and other nationalists used music to rally support for the independence movement. Similarly, in the Northern region, political songs, such as those performed by Hausa musicians, galvanized local sentiments against colonial rule, emphasizing the power of collective identity and cultural resilience. In the post-independence era, one of the most significant examples of music influencing political activism in Nigeria is Fela Kuti. As the pioneer of Afrobeat, Fela used his music as a weapon against military rule and government corruption. Songs such as "Zombie," "Water No Get Enemy," and "Sorrow, Tears & Blood" criticized the Nigerian government, police brutality, and human rights violations. His activism led to multiple arrests and raids on his home, but he remained steadfast in his fight for democracy and justice. [Fela Kuti - Zombie]. His music became an anthem for resistance, inspiring millions to demand accountability from the government. Beyond Fela, other Nigerian artists also emerged during this period to challenge societal issues, further cementing music's role as a tool for political advocacy. A study by Fisher and Idowu on music as a tool of political activism in Nigeria focusing on Fela Anikulapo Kuti examines how Fela's music served as a vehicle for political expression and resistance against oppressive regimes. [Fisher and Idowu, 2023]

 

In recent years, Nigerian musicians have continued Fela’s legacy by using their platforms to protest against police brutality and government oppression. The #EndSARS movement, which gained global attention in 2020, was significantly amplified by artists such as Falz, Burna Boy, Tiwa Savage, and Davido. These musicians not only composed songs but also participated in protests, donated funds, and spoke on international platforms about the injustices faced by Nigerian youths. Falz, for instance, released the song "Johnny," a track that details police brutality and the need for justice. Also, Burna Boy's "20.10.20" [Burna Boy - 20.10.20] is another example of a song that memorializes the Lekki Toll Gate Massacre and condemns government actions. Osiebe's (2016) article "The Opportunism of Political Music Culture in Democratic Nigeria" analyzes protest political music in post-1999 Nigeria, highlighting how contemporary musicians have continued the legacy of using music for political commentary. [JSTOR]

Music as a Reflection of Political Realities

Music in Nigeria often mirrors the socio-political realities of the time. Artists use their lyrics to shed light on issues such as poverty, corruption, police brutality, and inequality. This resonance stems from music's ability to encapsulate shared struggles, giving a voice to the voiceless and fostering a sense of unity among listeners. For example:

(i) Burna Boy’s Monsters You Made critiques neo-colonialism and systemic failures.

(ii) Davido’s FEM became a rallying cry during the #EndSARS protests against police brutality in 2020.

(iii) Wizkid’s Ojuelegba reflects on struggles and resilience in Lagos, while his collaboration with Beyoncé on Brown Skin Girl celebrates identity and pride.

(iv) Eedris Abdulkareem’s "Jaga Jaga" (2004) was a major political anthem that criticized the state of the nation under President Olusegun Obasanjo. The song was so controversial that the then-Nigerian government banned it.

(v) Olamide’s "Symbol of Hope" encourages young Nigerians to strive for a better future despite governmental failures.

Through poignant lyrics and relatable narratives, musicians articulate the frustrations, hopes, and aspirations of ordinary Nigerians. This connection resonates deeply with listeners, making music a powerful medium for political mobilization.

Mobilizing Movements and Building Solidarity

Music has played an instrumental role in uniting Nigerians across ethnic and religious divides, particularly during periods of political unrest. The #EndSARS protests are a prime example. Songs like 40 Million Nigerians by Fela Kuti, Jaga Jaga Reloaded by Eedris Abdulkareem, and Fem by Davido provided protestors with a shared sense of purpose and identity, amplifying their demands for systemic change. Moreover, social media platforms have further amplified the reach of protest music. Platforms like YouTube, Twitter, and TikTok enable artists to disseminate their messages globally, garnering international support for local causes. Nigerian musicians are not just entertainers; they are influencers who shape public opinion and inspire action. In light of this, Adedeji's (2013) "Hip Hop and the Culture of Resistance in Nigeria" explores how Nigerian hip-hop artists have utilized their music to address socio-political issues and foster a culture of resistance [Postcolonial Studies]. Equally, Daniel's research titled "Music and Activism in Nigeria: A Case Study of #EndSARS Movement" delves into the role of music and musicians in the #EndSARS protest, illustrating how artists contributed to the movement's effectiveness and sustainability.[ProQuest]. Lastly, a study by Remilekun titled "Protest Music and Political Consciousness Among Nigerian Youths" demonstrates how protest music has influenced the political awareness and engagement of Nigerian youths. [Remilekun,2019]

Challenges and Risks for Politically Engaged Musicians and the Way Forward

Despite its impact, engaging in political expression through music comes with risks. Many artists face censorship, harassment, or even violence for their outspoken views. For instance, Fela Kuti’s Kalakuta Republic was raided multiple times by the military, leading to significant personal and financial losses. Contemporary artists also face backlash, with some being labeled as dissidents or facing boycotts. Additionally, the commercialization of music poses challenges to its role as a tool for activism. The pressure to produce commercially viable content can sometimes dilute the political messages in music. However, many artists strike a balance, using their platforms to address pressing issues while maintaining their commercial appeal.

However, to maximize the impact of music as a tool for political expression, stakeholders must foster an environment where artists can create freely and fearlessly. Policies that protect freedom of expression and intellectual property rights are crucial, as they ensure that artists are safeguarded from undue censorship and exploitation. Furthermore, collaborations between musicians, activists, and civil society organizations can amplify the reach and impact of music-driven campaigns, enabling them to address societal challenges more comprehensively and inclusively. Educational initiatives can also play a role. For instance, integrating music and social studies into the curriculum can illuminate how globally and locally, music has been pivotal in effecting change. Students could study examples like anti-apartheid songs in South Africa or protest anthems from Nigeria’s own history, such as Fela Kuti’s Zombie. This contextual awareness can inspire the next generation of artists and activists to harness their talents for social good and societal transformation.

Conclusion

Music in Nigeria is more than just an art form; it is a vehicle for change. Nigerian musicians have consistently used their craft to challenge injustices and inspire hope, from the era of Fela Kuti to the contemporary sounds of Burna Boy, Davido, Wizkid, and many others. By amplifying voices and galvanizing action, music remains a cornerstone of political expression and activism in Nigeria. As the nation continues to evolve, so will music's role in shaping its political landscape.

*****By S.B Adams